Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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For a neuron to reach an action potential, it must
a. | take in sodium ions. | b. | release electrons. | c. | absorb
calcium. | d. | reverse the electrical charge across the cell
membrane. |
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2.
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Which of the following food groups is NOT found in a sandwich of only bread,
ham, and mayonnaise?
a. | bread, cereal, rice, and pasta | b. | fats, oils, and sweets | c. | meat, poultry, fish,
dry beans, eggs, and nuts | d. | milk, yogurt, and
cheese |
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3.
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Which of the following types of muscle generally remains in a state of partial
contraction when your legs are straight?
a. | smooth muscle | c. | skeletal muscle | b. | cardiac muscle | d. | all of the
above |
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4.
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Which of the following is characteristic of infancy?
a. | An individual reaches 70 percent of her or his adult height. | b. | Teeth
appear. | c. | Puberty begins. | d. | The first signs of aging
appear. |
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5.
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The function of the excretory system is to control homeostasis and
a. | absorb nutrients. | c. | prevent infection. | b. | break down nutrients. | d. | remove wastes. |
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6.
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Generally speaking, what controls breathing?
a. | the lungs | c. | the diaphragm | b. | the heart | d. | the brain |
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7.
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Which of the following controls the activity of the kidneys?
a. | the composition of the blood | b. | regulatory hormones that are released in
response to the composition of blood | c. | both a and b | d. | none of the
above |
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Figure
36–2
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8.
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In Figure 36–2, B is an example of
a. | skeletal muscle. | c. | heart muscle. | b. | smooth muscle. | d. | cardiac muscle. |
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9.
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Which process enables the body to maintain a stable temperature?
a. | cellular activity | c. | feedback inhibition | b. | heating | d. | circulation |
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10.
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Which of the following food groups contain few valuable vitamins?
a. | milk, yogurt, and cheese | c. | fats, oils, and
sweets | b. | fruit | d. | vegetables |
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11.
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When the blood pressure is constantly too high, the condition is
known as
a. | atherosclerosis. | c. | hypertension. | b. | a stroke. | d. | a heart attack. |
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12.
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A car is to gasoline as your body is to
a. | food. | c. | your stomach. | b. | enzymes. | d. | your kidneys. |
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13.
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Swollen lymph nodes might indicate
a. | high blood pressure. | c. | an irregular heartbeat. | b. | varicose
veins. | d. | an
infection. |
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Figure
39–1
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14.
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Figure 39–1 shows the body’s
a. | endocrine glands. | c. | target cells. | b. | exocrine glands. | d. | hormones. |
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15.
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Which structure in Figure 39–1 regulates the level of calcium in the
blood?
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16.
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What is the minimum amount of water you should drink every day?
a. | 0.5 liter | c. | 2 liters | b. | 3 liters | d. | 1 liter |
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17.
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Regular excercise is important because it
a. | helps prevent cancer. | c. | reduce the risk of getting an STD. | b. | suppresses the
immune system. | d. | helps
prevent heart disease. |
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18.
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Which stage of the human life cycle occurs first?
a. | childhood | c. | adolescence | b. | adulthood | d. | puberty |
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19.
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What is the result of gastrulation?
a. | the amnion | c. | a blastocyst | b. | a zygote | d. | germ layers |
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20.
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What is the function of neurotransmitters?
a. | to stimulate the production of epinephrine | b. | to transmit nerve
impulses through dendrites | c. | to transmit nerve impulses across
synapses | d. | none of the above |
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21.
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Which type of tissue lines your internal organs?
a. | connective | c. | nerve | b. | epithelial | d. | muscle |
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22.
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A person who has received a vaccine against polio
a. | is able to produce antibodies against polio. | b. | is more susceptible
to the polio virus than someone who has not had the vaccine. | c. | has antipolio killer
T cells in the bloodstream. | d. | has polio antibodies in the
bloodstream. |
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23.
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How many organ systems make up the human body?
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24.
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A blood pressure reading of 120/80
a. | indicates a systolic blood pressure of 120. | b. | is an indication of
hypertension in a resting adult. | c. | indicates a diastolic blood prssure of
120. | d. | is determined by using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure in the
veins. |
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25.
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Antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions in
a. | multiple sclerosis. | c. | rheumatoid arthritis. | b. | Type I
diabetes. | d. | myasthenia
gravis. |
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26.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the female reproductive
system?
a. | to deliver sperm | b. | to produce eggs | c. | to release eggs into
the Fallopian tubes | d. | to prepare the body to carry an
embryo |
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27.
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Water is extracted from digested food in the body primarily by the
a. | gallbladder. | c. | large intestine. | b. | pancreas. | d. | bladder. |
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28.
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From which of the following does the basic structure of hair and nails
form?
a. | melanin | c. | keratin | b. | collagen | d. | sweat |
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29.
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If a person gets food stuck in his or her windpipe, it probably means
that
a. | the food entered the mouth incorrectly. | b. | oxygen failed to
exchange with carbon dioxide. | c. | the person temporarily lost the ability to
produce ATP. | d. | a flap of tissue, the epiglottis, failed to cover the entrance to the trachea when
the person swallowed. |
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30.
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Where does the process of chemical digestion begin?
a. | stomach | c. | mouth | b. | small intestine | d. | esophagus |
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31.
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About what percentage of the mass of the human body is made up of muscle?
a. | 30 percent | c. | more than 40 percent | b. | 20 percent | d. | less than 10
percent |
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32.
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The American Heart Association recommends a diet with a maximum of
a. | 50 percent of Calories from saturated fats. | b. | 30 percent of
Calories from unsaturated fat, in addition to 10 percent from saturated fats. | c. | 30 percent of
Calories from fat, of which only 10 percent should be from saturated fats. | d. | 40 percent of
Calories from fat, of which only 20 percent should be from unsaturated
fats. |
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33.
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Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system transmit(s) impulses from
sense organs to the central nervous system?
a. | sensory division | c. | sensory and motor divisions | b. | motor
division | d. | spinal cord
division |
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34.
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When an infection occurs, the number of
a. | white blood cells increases. | c. | white blood cells
decreases. | b. | red blood cells decreases. | d. | red blood cells increases. |
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35.
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What can occur if a person does not take in enough water to replace what is
lost?
a. | circulatory problems | c. | nervous system problems | b. | dehydration | d. | all of the above |
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36.
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Individual hairs are columns of cells that died after becoming filled
with
a. | keratin. | c. | sweat. | b. | melanin. | d. | dermis. |
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37.
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Which of the following general categories of sensory receptors are located
everywhere in the body except the brain?
a. | mechanoreceptors | c. | photoreceptors | b. | thermoreceptors | d. | pain receptors |
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38.
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The main function of the skull is to
a. | protect the heart and lungs. | c. | act like a lever for muscle
attachment. | b. | protect the brain. | d. | produce blood cells. |
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39.
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Where is the protein called actin located in the body?
a. | acetylcholine neurotransmitters | c. | myosin
filaments | b. | thin filaments | d. | ATP molecules |
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40.
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When during the menstrual cycle does an egg have the best chance of being
fertilized?
a. | during the follicular phase | c. | the beginning of the luteal
phase | b. | just before menstruation | d. | the day of ovulation |
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41.
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What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve?
a. | strong muscular contractions | c. | pepsin and bile | b. | bile and pancreatic
fluid | d. | absorption of
nutrients by villi |
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42.
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of exercise on veins?
a. | Exercise helps increase the size of veins. | b. | Exercise helps keep
blood from accumulating and stretching veins. | c. | Exercise helps keep the walls around veins
strong. | d. | Exercise helps force blood through the veins. |
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43.
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Ligaments connect
a. | cartilage to bone. | c. | bone to bone. | b. | bone to muscle. | d. | muscle to
muscle. |
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44.
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The region of the brain that recognizes hunger is the
a. | hypothalamus. | c. | medulla oblongata. | b. | thalamus. | d. | brain stem. |
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45.
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What enzyme found in saliva breaks chemical bonds between the sugar monomers in
starches?
a. | chyme | c. | pepsin | b. | amylase | d. | hydrochloric
acid |
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46.
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Which of the following is NOT part of the integumentary system?
a. | nails | c. | cartilage | b. | skin | d. | hair |
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47.
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Which of the following is NOT contained in tobacco smoke?
a. | tar | c. | carbon monoxide | b. | caffeine | d. | nicotine |
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48.
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The body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include
a. | killer T cells. | c. | antibiotics. | b. | mucus, sweat, and tears. | d. | antibodies. |
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49.
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What is the skeleton of an embryo mainly composed of?
a. | bone | c. | bone marrow | b. | growth plates | d. | cartilage |
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50.
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Factors that affect air quality include
a. | airborne particulates. | c. | carbon monoxide. | b. | ozone. | d. | all of the
above |
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51.
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Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the
a. | pharynx. | c. | lungs. | b. | throat. | d. | nose and mouth. |
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52.
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During the process of fertilization, which step happens first?
a. | Enzymes break down the protective layer of the egg cell membrane. | b. | The cell membrane of
the egg cell changes. | c. | The sperm’s nucleus enters the egg
cell. | d. | A sperm attaches to a binding site on the egg cell
membrane. |
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53.
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One third of all homicides can be attributed to the effects of
a. | alcohol. | c. | crack. | b. | cocaine. | d. | opiates. |
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54.
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Testosterone is needed for the development of
a. | eggs. | c. | sperm. | b. | the uterus. | d. | all of the
above |
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55.
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Which of the following is NOT true about the effects of exercise on
muscles?
a. | It can cause muscles to visibly increase in size. | b. | It adds material to
the outside of the muscle cells. | c. | It increases muscle tone. | d. | It increases the
efficiency of the heart. |
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56.
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Which of the following is NOT true about muscle tone?
a. | It describes the tightening of some muscles. | b. | It is responsible
for keeping the back and legs straight when you’re relaxed. | c. | It is increased
through regular exercise. | d. | It increases with
age. |
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57.
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The basic types of tissue in the human body are
a. | thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. | b. | muscle, nervous,
connective, and epithelial. | c. | sight, smell, and hearing. | d. | cell, organ, and
organ system. |
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58.
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Cancer cells affect other cells in the body by
a. | forming benign tumors throughout the body. | b. | taking in nutrients
needed by other cells. | c. | increasing nerve
connections. | d. | all of the above |
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59.
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Proteins are polymers of
a. | lipids. | c. | vitamins. | b. | amino acids. | d. | unsaturated
fats. |
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60.
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The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between cells, the
blood, and air in the lungs is called
a. | systemic circulation. | c. | cellular respiration. | b. | emphysema. | d. | respiration. |
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61.
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The inflammatory response can cause
a. | antibodies to bind to antigens. | c. | pain, swelling, and
fever. | b. | killer T cells to attack infected cells. | d. | permanent
immunity. |
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62.
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The level of chemicals in the body that speed up cellular activity is regulated
by
a. | the parasympathetic nervous system. | c. | feedback
inhibition. | b. | the sympathetic nervous system. | d. | action
potential. |
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63.
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Doctors first suspected that AIDS was weakening the immune system of infected
patients when their patients developed
a. | asthma. | c. | allergies. | b. | strep throat. | d. | rare
infections. |
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64.
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The ability to move your right hand is controlled by the
a. | both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. | b. | left hemisphere of
the cerebrum. | c. | right hemisphere of the cerebrum. | d. | neither hemisphere of the
cerebrum. |
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65.
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HIV weakens the immune system by killing
a. | helper T cells. | c. | killer T cells. | b. | antibodies. | d. | B cells. |
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66.
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What structure serves as a passageway for both air and food?
a. | trachea | c. | larynx | b. | bronchus | d. | pharynx |
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67.
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Which are mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix?
a. | osteocytes | c. | cartilage | b. | osteoblasts | d. | osteoclasts |
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68.
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The placenta connects the
a. | fetus to the mother’s uterus. | c. | ectoderm to the
endoderm. | b. | umbilical cord to the mother’s vagina. | d. | uterus to the
cervix. |
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69.
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One way the endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis is by having
a. | two hormones with opposite effects regulate certain things. | b. | only steroid
hormones regulate important functions. | c. | the pituitary gland regulate all the other
glands. | d. | each gland secrete only one hormone. |
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70.
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The testes and the ovaries do not begin making active reproductive cells
until
a. | fertilization. | c. | gastrulation. | b. | birth. | d. | puberty. |
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71.
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When a person receives a vaccine, his or her body
a. | creates antigens to fight the specific pathogen. | b. | receives antibodies
against a specific pathogen. | c. | immediately begins fighting the infection
caused by the pathogens. | d. | creates plasma cells that can produce
antibodies against the specific pathogen. |
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72.
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Alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT
a. | disrupt coordination. | c. | impair judgment. | b. | slow reflexes. | d. | stimulate heart
rate. |
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73.
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Unlike passive immunity, in active immunity antibodies are produced by
a. | your own body. | c. | other animals. | b. | the mother of an infant. | d. | an autoimmune
disease. |
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74.
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Which of the following are tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that extend into
the dermis?
a. | epidermal layers | c. | hair follicles | b. | melanin cells | d. | keratin layers |
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75.
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What is the term used to describe a swelling of the tissues due to the
accumulation of excess fluid?
a. | hypertension | c. | hemophilia | b. | stroke | d. | edema |
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76.
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Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are
called
a. | stimulants. | c. | alcohol. | b. | opiates. | d. | depressants. |
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77.
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According to the sliding-filament model, which of the following steps does NOT
occur in muscle contraction?
a. | Myosin and actin filaments come near each other. | b. | Myosin filaments
form cross-bridges with actin filaments. | c. | Actin filaments return to their original
positions. | d. | Cross-bridges pull the two filaments past each other. |
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78.
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What is the function of cells called osteoclasts?
a. | break down bone | c. | support the skin | b. | produce blood cells | d. | build and maintain
bone |
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Figure
37–1
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79.
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In Figure 37–1, what does Step B show?
a. | the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin | c. | the capillary wall
breaking | b. | a clot forming | d. | the clumping of platelets |
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80.
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Compounds that kill bacterial cells without harming the cells of humans or other
animals are called
a. | antibiotics. | c. | antiviral drugs. | b. | insecticides. | d. | carcinogens. |
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81.
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Dialysis performs the function of the
a. | urinary bladder. | c. | ureter. | b. | kidneys. | d. | liver. |
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82.
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Which system regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism?
a. | integumentary system | c. | lymphatic system | b. | endocrine system | d. | skeletal system |
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83.
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The most important function of the skin is
a. | protection. | c. | insulation. | b. | sweating. | d. | storing fat. |
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84.
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Water is lost from the body by each of the following EXCEPT
a. | sweating. | c. | respiration. | b. | circulation. | d. | urinating. |
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85.
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What is the function of the central nervous system?
a. | to analyze information | c. | to relay messages | b. | to process information | d. | all of the
above |
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86.
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Which of the following is a mechanism that some antiviral drugs use to fight
viruses?
a. | increasing protein synthesis on ribosomes | b. | interfering with the
ability of viruses to invade cells and multiply once inside of them | c. | killing both
bacterial and human cells | d. | none of the
above |
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87.
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Which gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
a. | pituitary | c. | adrenal | b. | hypothalamus | d. | parathyroid |
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88.
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The nervous system is to a telephone as the endocrine system is to a
a. | hormone. | c. | chemical message. | b. | television set. | d. | radio
broadcast. |
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89.
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Where are the cells that make up the sinoatrial node, or pacemaker,
located?
a. | right ventricle | c. | left atrium | b. | left ventricle | d. | right atrium |
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90.
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The process of dialysis
a. | carries urine to the urinary bladder. | b. | pumps blood throughout the
body. | c. | returns filtered blood to the body. | d. | forces water into cells and tissues by
osmosis. |
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91.
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A student’s ability to think about a question and answer it correctly is
directly controlled by the
a. | medulla. | c. | cerebellum. | b. | brain stem. | d. | cerebrum. |
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92.
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Inorganic nutrients that the body needs are called
a. | proteins. | c. | vitamins. | b. | lipids. | d. | minerals. |
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93.
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A thermostat is a good example of a(an)
a. | feedback system. | c. | prostaglandin. | b. | exocrine gland. | d. | hormone-receptor
complex. |
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94.
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Which of the following is an example of a vector and the disease it
spreads?
a. | insecticides and malaria | c. | tall grass and Lyme
disease | b. | the Nile river and West Nile disease | d. | the deer tick and Lyme
disease |
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95.
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The elbow joint bends when the
a. | triceps muscle relaxes. | c. | triceps muscle
contracts. | b. | biceps muscle relaxes. | d. | biceps muscle contracts. |
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96.
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Which general category of sensory receptors detects variations in
temperature?
a. | mechanoreceptors | c. | photoreceptors | b. | pain receptors | d. | thermoreceptors |
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97.
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Unlike endocrine glands, exocrine glands
a. | are found throughout the body. | b. | release secretions through
ducts. | c. | release hormones. | d. | release secretions directly into the
bloodstream. |
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98.
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How can you prevent the spread of Lyme disease?
a. | Avoid tall grasses and wooded areas. | b. | Avoid sexual contact. | c. | Wash your hands
frequently. | d. | Cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough. |
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99.
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The endocrine system is made up of
a. | glands. | c. | hormones. | b. | prostaglandins. | d. | gonads. |
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100.
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One advantage of a fever is that it can slow down the
a. | activities of white blood cells. | c. | rate of chemical
reactions. | b. | growth of pathogens. | d. | body’s recovery from infection. |
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Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
statement true.
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101.
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Benign tumors are not cancerous. _________________________
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102.
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The outer layer of dead cells of the skin is shed every seven to ten
weeks. _________________________
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103.
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The immune response is triggered by antibodies.
_________________________
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104.
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There are four levels of organization in the human body: cells, tissues, organs,
and organ systems. _________________________
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105.
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The thick filaments in myofibrils contain a protein called actin.
_________________________
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106.
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The condition in which joints are inflamed is bursitis.
_________________________
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107.
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Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms
that cause disease. _________________________
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108.
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Following the Food Guide Pyramid, you should have 6–11 servings of
the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group every day. _________________________
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109.
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The appendicular skeleton consists of the arms, legs, pelvis, and
shoulder area. _________________________
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110.
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If too little water is absorbed from the large intestine, constipation
results. _________________________
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111.
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A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of disease or injury.
_________________________
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112.
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In a label displaying the “Calorie” content of food, the unit is
actually the kilocalorie. _________________________
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113.
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ATP supplies the energy for muscle contraction.
_________________________
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114.
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About 40 percent of the fatal accidents that occur on Americans highways involve
the drug alcohol. _________________________
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115.
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The brain and spinal cord can withstand considerable trauma due to the
meninges acting as a shock absorber. ______________________________
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116.
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The first number of a blood pressure measurement is the diastolic
pressure. _________________________
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117.
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The different classes of joints are based on their location.
______________________________
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118.
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If you accidentally hit your toe on a desk and then quickly move your leg in
response, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your toe to your leg is called a reflex
arc._________________________
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119.
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In adults, cartilage is found in parts of the body where flexibility is
needed. _________________________
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120.
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A female is born with immature eggs and does not produce any new eggs
during her lifetime. _________________________
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121.
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If a person’s thyroid gland is removed surgically and hormone
supplements are not taken, the person will probably lack energy, feel cold, and gain weight.
_________________________
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122.
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Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells known as the nail root.
_________________________
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123.
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During puberty the reproductive system becomes fully functional.
_________________________
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124.
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If you have “swollen glands,” you actually have swollen lymph
nodes. _________________________
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125.
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The parathyroid glands secrete hormones that help the body deal with
stress. ______________________________
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126.
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Autoimmune diseases can be treated. _________________________
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127.
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The cochlea and the two tiny sacs located behind it help the body
maintain its equilibrium. ______________________________
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128.
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The process by which oxygen and carbon monoxide are exchanged between
cells, the blood, and air in the lungs is known as respiration. _________________________
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129.
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A nonsteroid hormone enters a target cell by passing across its cell
membrane. _________________________
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130.
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Antibiotics are an effective treatment for a viral disease such as
measles. _________________________
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131.
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As the amount of water in the blood increases, the rate of water reabsorption in
the kidneys increases. _________________________
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132.
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Melanocytes are located in the dermis. _________________________
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133.
|
Thyroxine inhibits the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary gland,
which maintains homeostasis. _________________________
|
|
|
134.
|
Histamines can reduce the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
_________________________
|
|
|
135.
|
The hypothalamus is to your body as the thermostat is to the internal
environment of a house. _________________________
|
|
|
136.
|
Excretion helps to maintain the body’s homeostasis.
_________________________
|
|
|
137.
|
The only way to absolutely prevent exposure to STDs is abstinence.
_________________________
|
|
|
138.
|
Together, the skin, lungs, and kidneys—along with their associated
organs—make up the excretory system. _________________________
|
|
|
139.
|
A person with a relatively small number of cones in the retinas may have
trouble distinguishing colors. _________________________
|
|
|
140.
|
Smooth muscle is found in just one place in the body.
_________________________
|
|
|
141.
|
About 45 percent of the volume of blood consists of plasma.
_________________________
|
|
|
142.
|
Humans have an open circulatory system. _________________________
|
|
|
143.
|
Blood leaves the kidneys through the renal arteries.
_________________________
|
|
|
144.
|
Lung cancer is defined as a loss of elasticity in the tissues of the
lungs. _________________________
|
|
|
145.
|
Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of smell and touch.
_________________________
|
Completion
Complete each
statement.
|
|
|
146.
|
Contractions known as ____________________ squeeze food through the length of
the esophagus into the stomach.
|
|
|
147.
|
The class of drugs called ____________________ mimic natural chemicals in the
brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain.
|
|
|
148.
|
Plasma consists mostly of ____________________.
|
|
|
149.
|
The ____________________ system is made up of glands that release their products
into the ____________________.
|
|
|
150.
|
The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron
is its resting ____________________.
|
|
|
151.
|
A ____________________ is any disease-causing organism.
|
|
|
152.
|
Cirrhosis of the liver is a possible result of the long-term use of
____________________.
|
|
|
153.
|
The functioning units of the kidneys are the ____________________.
|
|
|
154.
|
Small muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape
to help you focus on near or distant objects.
|
|
|
Figure
37–2
|
|
|
155.
|
In Figure 37–2, the upper systemic circulation is labeled
____________________.
|
|
|
156.
|
Sensory receptors called _________________________ are found in the skin,
skeletal muscles, and inner ears and are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound,
and motion.
|
|
|
157.
|
____________________ is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during
which the reproductive system becomes fully functional.
|
|
|
158.
|
Your skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands make up your
_________________________ system.
|
|
|
159.
|
The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called
____________________, where the axon membrane is exposed.
|
|
|
160.
|
Vitamins that are ____________________-soluble cannot be stored within the
body.
|
|
|
161.
|
Calcium, iron, and magnesium are all examples of the group of nutrients called
____________________.
|
|
|
162.
|
The pancreas produces _________________________, a base that neutralizes stomach
acid so that the enzymes can be effective.
|
|
|
163.
|
At the cellular level, respiration is defined as the release of
____________________ from the breakdown of molecules in food in the presence of oxygen.
|
|
|
164.
|
The alveoli of the lungs are surrounded by ____________________.
|
|
|
165.
|
A genetic disorder called ____________________ results from a defective protein
in the clotting pathway.
|